1) Hung SP, Chen CY, Guo FR, Chang CI, Jan CF. Combine body mass index and body fat percentage measures to improve the accuracy of obesity screening in young adults. Obesity research & clinical practice. 2017 Jan 1;11(1):11-8. Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM.
2) Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Nature. 2006;444(7121):847–53.
3) Farhana A, Rehman A. Metabolic Consequences of Weight Reduction. 2023 Jul 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.
4) Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet. Nutrition. 2004 Jul-Aug;20(7-8):716-27.
5) Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Relation between plasma lactate concentration and fat oxidation rates over a wide range of exercise intensities. Int J Sports Med. 2004 Jan;25(1):32-7.
6) Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A, Horowitz JF, Endert E, Wolfe RR. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Am J Physiol. 1993 Sep;265(3 Pt 1):E380-91.
7) van Loon LJ. Use of intramuscular triacylglycerol as a substrate source during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Oct;97(4):1170-87.
8) Hagström-Toft E, Enoksson S, Moberg E, Bolinder J, Arner P. Absolute concentrations of glycerol and lactate in human skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and blood. Am J Physiol. 1997 Sep;273(3 Pt 1):E584-92.
9) Robinson SL, Chambers ES, Fletcher G, Wallis GA. Lipolytic Markers, Insulin and Resting Fat Oxidation are Associated with Maximal Fat Oxidation. Int J Sports Med. 2016 Jul;37(8):607-13.
10) Kemmler W, Froehlich M, Von Stengel S, Kleinöder H. Whole-body electromyostimulation–the need for common sense! Rationale and guideline for a safe and effective training. Dtsch Z Sportmed. 2016 Sep 1;67(9):218-21.
11) yan TE, Erickson ML, Young HJ, McCully KK. Case report: endurance electrical stimulation training improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Dec;94(12):2559-2561.
12) Teschler M, Wassermann A, Weissenfels A, Fröhlich M, Kohl M, Bebenek M, von Stengel S, Kemmler W. Short time effect of a single session of intense whole-body electromyostimulation on energy expenditure. A contribution to fat reduction? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018 May;43(5):528-530.
13) Kemmler W, Von Stengel S, Schwarz J, Mayhew JL. Effect of whole-body electromyostimulation on energy expenditure during exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Jan;26(1):240-5.
14) Kemmler W, Weissenfels A, Willert S, Shojaa M, von Stengel S, Filipovic A, Kleinöder H, Berger J, Fröhlich M. Efficacy and Safety of Low Frequency Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) to Improve Health-Related Outcomes in Non-athletic Adults. A Systematic Review. Front Physiol. 2018 May 23;9:573.
15) Galvan MJ, Sanchez MJ, McAinch AJ, Covington JD, Boyle JB, Bajpeyi S. Four weeks of electrical stimulation improves glucose tolerance in a sedentary overweight or obese Hispanic population. Endocr Connect. 2022 Feb 4;11(2):e210533.
16) Crognale D, Crowe L, Devito G, Minogue C, Caulfield B. Neuro-muscular electrical stimulation training enhances maximal aerobic capacity in healthy physically active adults. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;2009:2137-40.
17) Kemmler W, Kohl M, Stengel SV. Effects Of High Intensity Resistance Training Versus Whole-Body Electromyostimulation On Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors In Untrained Middle Aged Males. A Randomized Controlled Trail. Journal of Sports Research. 2016 March 2:44-55.
18) Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, Beaver WL. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1973 Aug;35(2):236-43.
19) Chenevière X, Malatesta D, Peters EM, Borrani F. A mathematical model to describe fat oxidation kinetics during graded exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Aug;41(8):1615-25.
20) Zurbuchen A, Lanzi S, Voirol L, Trindade CB, Gojanovic B, Kayser B, Bourdillon N, Chenevière X, Malatesta D. Fat Oxidation Kinetics Is Related to Muscle Deoxygenation Kinetics During Exercise. Front Physiol. 2020 Jun 4;11:571.
21) Gondin J, Brocca L, Bellinzona E, D'Antona G, Maffiuletti NA, Miotti D, Pellegrino MA, Bottinelli R. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training induces atypical adaptations of the human skeletal muscle phenotype: a functional and proteomic analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Feb;110(2):433-50.
22) Bassami M, Khaknejad S, Eslami R, Hoseinpour AN. Responses of maximal fat oxidation and Fatmax to incremental exercise and electrical muscle stimulation in overweight men. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2024;17(2):20–33. [Farsi]
23) P Perez-De-Arrilucea-Le-Floc'h UA, Dote-Montero M, Carle-Calo A, Sánchez-Delgado G, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Acute Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on Energy Expenditure at Resting and during Uphill Walking in Healthy Young Men. Metabolites. 2022 Aug 24;12(9):781.
24) Ravussin E, Smith SR. Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;967:363-78.
25) B Bickel CS, Gregory CM, Dean JC. Motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a critical appraisal. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Oct;111(10):2399-407.
26) Thomas CK, Nelson G, Than L, Zijdewind I. Motor unit activation order during electrically evoked contractions of paralyzed or partially paralyzed muscles. Muscle Nerve. 2002 Jun;25(6):797-804.
27) Sinacore DR, Delitto A, King DS, Rose SJ. Type II fiber activation with electrical stimulation: a preliminary report. Phys Ther. 1990 Jul;70(7):416-22.
28) Hioki M, Takahashi H, Saito A, Imai M, Yasuda H. Effect of electromyostimulation training on intramuscular fat accumulation determined by ultrasonography in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023 Feb;123(2):271-282.
29) Van Hall G, Bülow J, Sacchetti M, Al Mulla N, Lyngso D, Simonsen L. Regional fat metabolism in human splanchnic and adipose tissues; the effect of exercise. J Physiol. 2002 Sep 15;543(Pt 3):1033-46.
30) Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Rosenblatt J, Wolfe RR. Substrate metabolism during different exercise intensities in endurance-trained women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 May;88(5):1707-14.
31) van Loon LJ. Use of intramuscular triacylglycerol as a substrate source during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Oct;97(4):1170-87.
32) Stich V, de Glisezinski I, Berlan M, Bulow J, Galitzky J, Harant I, Suljkovicova H, Lafontan M, Rivière D, Crampes F. Adipose tissue lipolysis is increased during a repeated bout of aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Apr;88(4):1277-83.
33) Salhi A, Ouerghi N, Zouhal H, Baaziz M, Salhi A, Ben Salah FZ, Ben Abderrahman A. The Effect of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Program on Physical Performance and Selected Cardiometabolic Markers in Obese Young Females. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Jan 29;60(2):230.
