1. Alkhalifah A, Alsantali A, Wang E, McElwee KJ, Shapiro J. Alopecia areata update: part I. Clinical picture, histopathology, and pathogenesis. The Journal of American Academy of Dermatology 2010 62:177–188.
2. Thomas EA, Kadyan RS. Alopecia areata and autoimmunity: a clinical study. Indian Journal of Dermatology 2008;53:70–74.
3. Cristina CS, Mauricio SS, Armando LR, Celia SD, Clara RI, Rocío OL, Oliverio W, Jorge OC. Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter-308G/A polymorphism in Mexican patients with patchy alopecia areata. International Journal of Dermatology 2012;51:571–575.
4. Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B. An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1975;72:3666–3670.
5. Wallach D, Kovalenko A. 12th international TNF conference: the good, the bad and the scientists. Cytokine Growth Factor Reveiw 2009;20:259–269.
6. Beutler B, Cerami A. Cachectin and tumour necrosis factor as two sides of the same biological coin. Nature 1986 17;320:584–588.
7. Wajant H, Pfizenmaier K, Scheurich P. Tumor necrosis factor signaling. Cell Death Differentiation 2003;10:45–65.
8. Hunt N, McHale S. The psychological impact of alopecia. British Medical Journal 2005 22;331:951–953.
9. Ghaderian SMH, Akbarzadeh Najar R, Tabatabaei Panah AS. Tumor necrosis factor-α: investigation of gene polymorphism and regulation of TACE-TNF-α system in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Molecular Biology Reports 2011;38:4971–4977.
10. Islam N, Leung PSC, Huntley AC, Gershwin ME. The autoimmune basis of alopecia areata: a comprehensive review. Autoimmunity Review 2015;14:81–89.
11. Maryam A, Hasan S, Zahra H, Pardis K, Sara SR, Hosein AM. Correlation between the severity of alopecia areata and its risk factors. Iran Journal of Dermatology 2011;14:6–11.
12. Kemp EH, McDonagh AJG, Wengraf DA, Messenger AG, Gawkrodger DJ, Cork MJ, Tazi-Ahnini R. The non-synonymous C1858T substitution in the PTPN22 gene is associated with susceptibility to the severe forms of alopecia areata. Human Immunology 2006;67:535–539.
13. Galbraith GM, Pandey JP. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene polymorphism in alopecia areata. Human Genetics 1995;96:433–436.
14. Elsaid A, Helaly MA, Hatata E-SZ, Fouda O, Settin A. TNF-α-308 and INF-γ+874 Gene Polymorphisms in Relation to Susceptibility and Severity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Elsaid A, Helaly MA, among Egyptian Cases. Electronic Journal of General Medicine 2012 10;9:173–177.