In-text citations
Book
Elements of the Citation
Author(s) – Family name and initials, multiple authors separated by a comma. Title of book. Edition of book if later than 1st ed. Place of Publication: Publisher Name Year of Publication.
|
Reference Type |
In-text example |
Reference list example |
|
One author |
The book, “Secrets from the black bag”, by Butler (1) shows that ... OR Butler [1] purported ‘...’ |
1. Butler SW.Secrets from the Black Bag. London: The Royal College of General Practitioners 2005. |
|
Two to six authors |
‘... needed to influence policy.’ (2) OR Cheers, Darracott and Lonne have highlighted the fact that ‘...’ (2) |
2. Cheers B, Darracott R, Lonne B. Social care practice in rural communities. Sydney: The Federation Press 2007. |
|
Six or more authors |
Professionals in collaboration (3) |
3. Hofmeyr GJ, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z, Crowther CA, Gulmezoglu AM, Hodnett ED et al. A Cochrane pocketbook: Pregnancy and childbirth. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2008. |
|
No author |
‘...do not die from the disease (4) |
4. A guide for women with early breast cancer. Sydney: National Breast Cancer 2003. |
|
Multiple works by the same author |
The main clinical and research interests of Dr Marilyn Campbell (5-6) are focused on ... |
5. Campbell MA. A is for anxiety: A parent’sguide to managing anxious children. Brisbane:PostPressed 2007. 6. Campbell MA. Anthony the shy alien. Brisbane: Post Pressed 2006. |
|
Different Editions |
What has become known as the “Bible of General Practice” in Australia (7)... |
7. Murtagh J. John Murtagh’s General practice. 4th ed. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd; 2007. An edition number is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first edition |
|
Edited book |
In all cases, it is important to note the outer diameter of the tube (8) ... |
8. Brooks A, Mahoney P, Rowlands B, editors. ABC of tubes, drains, lines and frames. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008. |
|
Book in a series |
The binding of ligand to most seven- transmembrane (STM) G-protein- coupled receptors leads to changes in the coupling of G proteins to the receptor (9) ... Name of book = Chemokine receptors Title of series = Methods in enzymology |
9. Bennett GL, Horuk R. Iodination of chemokines for use in receptor binding analysis. In: Horuk R, editor. Chemokine receptors. New York (NY): Academic Press 1997; 134-48. (Methods in enzymology; vol 288). |
|
Electronic book – entire book |
Bartlett concludes that (10)... |
10. Bartlett A. Breastwork: Rethinking breastfeeding [monograph online]. Sydney, NSW: University of New South Wales Press 2005 [cited 2009 Nov 10]. Available from: NetLibrary |
|
Translation of a book |
Luria discovers that (11) ... |
11. Luria AR. The mind of a mnemonist [L. Solotaroff, trans]. New York: Avon Books 1969. |
|
Chapter in an edited book |
As discussed by Rowlands and Haine (12) ... |
12. Rowlands TE, Haine LS. Acute limb ischaemia. In: Donnelly R, London NJM, editors. ABC of arterial and venous disease. 2nd ed. West Sussex. Blackwell Publishing 2009. |
|
Chapter in a book |
...due to endometriosis (13)... |
13. Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical gynaecologic endocrinology and infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005. Chapter 29, Endometriosis 1103-33. Need to enter the Chapter information and page numbers manually |
|
Chapter from an electronic book |
Darwin believes that the natural selection (14) ... |
14. Darwin C. On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life [internet]. London: John Murray 1859. Chapter 5, Laws of Variation. [cited 2010 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/origin/chapter5.html |
|
Persian Book |
Rafeei believes that the natural selection (12) ... |
12. Rafeei T. [Ritmic movements and games: Coaching, therapists and families manuals (Persian)]. Tehran: Danzheh Publication 2013;1-61. |
Dictionary or Encyclopedia
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Dictionary |
‘is defined as ... (15) |
15. Stedman’s medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins 1995. Apraxia; 119-20. Note: Include the defined topic – e.g. apraxia |
|
Dictionary (online) |
‘is defined as ... (16) |
16. Stedman’s medical dictionary. *Internet+. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1995. Apraxia; .119 -20. [cited 2009 Nov 11]. Available from: http://www.stedmans.com |
|
Encyclopedia |
‘Hanrahan has advocated that ...’ (17) |
17. Brookman F. Hair care products. In: McDonough J, Egolf K, Reid JV, editors. The Advertising Age encyclopedia of advertising. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn 2003; 2:703-08 |
Journal Articles
Elements of the Citation
Author(s) – Family name and initials. Title of article. Title of journal – full name. Publication year; volume(issue):pages.
Note: Journal titles may be abbreviated according to the style used in the PubMed database. Go to the PubMed Journals database site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=journals to look up journal abbreviations (to find the full journal name). Choose the Journals in NCBI Databases ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals) link.
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Standard journal article – one author |
As highlighted by Snowdon, (18)... |
18. Snowdon J. Severe depression in old age. Medicine Today 2002;3(12):40-47. |
|
Standard journal article – two authors |
McInnes & Bollen (19) have developed a perspective which identifies |
19. McInnes D, Bollen J. Learning on the job: metaphors of choreography and the practice of sex in sex-on- premises venues. Venereology 2000; 13(1):27-36. |
|
Standard journal article – three to six authors |
By using meta-analysis, Skalsky et al (20) ... |
20. Skalsky K, Yahav D, Bishara J, Pitlik S, Leibovici L, Paul M. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):701-4. |
|
Journal article – more than six authors |
Hanna et al (21) report in this article that ... |
21. Hanna JN, McBride WJ, Brookes DL, Shield J, Taylor CT, Smith IL, Craig SB, Smith GA. Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. Medical Journal of Australia 2006;185(10):562-64. |
|
Journal article – in press |
O’Leary (22) states that... |
22. O’Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter cold. The West Australian. Forthcoming 2005 |
|
Electronic article – with DOI number |
Fletcher & Wagstaff (23) argue that ... |
23. Fletcher D, Wagstaff CRD. Organisational psychology in elite sport: its emergence, application and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2009;10(4):427-34. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport. 2009.03.009. |
|
Electronic article – without DOI number |
According the Lemanek (24)... |
24. Lemanek K. Adherence issues in the medical management of asthma. Journal of Pediatric Psychology [ Internet]. 1990 [cited 2010 Apr 22];15(4):437-58. Available from: http://jpey.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ Enter cited date manually and change medium to internet or leave as serial online as entered by Endnote |
|
Cochrane Library Review |
Results found by Shaw et al (25)... |
25. Shaw KA, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C, Kenardy J. Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 10]. Available from:http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003818 /frame.html |
|
Article from UQ eReserve (eSpace) |
Results found by Shaw (26)... |
26. Shaw J. Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia [Internet] 2003;179:379-83. Available from: University of Queensland Library E-Reserve |
|
Persian Article |
Jafari found by Shaw (27)... |
27. Jafari Z, Karimi H, Sazmand AH, Malayeri S. [The comparison of handedness between 12-18 year old normal and congenitally deaf students (Persian)]. Journal of Rehabilitation 2007; 8(1):25-34. |
Conference papers
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of paper – Family name and initials. Title of paper. In: Editor(s) Family name and initials, editor(s). Title of conference; Date of conference; Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher’s name Year of publication; Page numbers.
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Published conference paper |
This is well documented in the literature. (27) |
27. Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical informatics. In: Lun KC. Degoulet P. Piemme TE, Reinhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics 1992:6-10; Geneva, Switzerland. Amsterdam: North Holland; 1992: 1561-5 |
|
Unpublished conference paper |
It has been found that endemic STD’s (28) |
28. Bowden FJ, Fairley CK. Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner exchange. Paper presented at: The Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians 1996: 24-25; Darwin, Australia. |
|
Conference proceedings |
Research (29) supports... |
29. Kimura J. Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology 1995: 15-19; Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996. Note: In the “conference title” field type in “Paper presented at:” and then enter all details of conference including the date and where conference took place. Enter the place of publication in the “Conference location” field ALTERNATIVELY: In the ‘Publisher’ field – enter the place of publication, publisher and the year eg. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996. |
Newspaper and magazine articles
Elements of the citation
Author(s) – family name and initials. Article title. Newspaper title (edition of paper eg. Weekend edition). Date of publication – year month (3 letter abbreviation) day: Sect. Location eg. A:12 or Business 5 (5 is the page number) column number is applicable eg. col. 1) (Sect = Section)
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Newspaper article with author |
“many parents did not feed their babies enough” (30-31)... |
30. Purdon F. Colder babies at risk of SIDS.The Courier Mail 2010 Mar8:9 31. Robertson J. Not married to the art. The Courier Mail (Weekend edition) 2010: 6-7:Sect. ETC:15 |
|
Newspaper article without author |
The counsellors (32)... |
32. Meeting the needs of counsellors. The Courier Mail 2001:5:22 |
|
Magazine article |
The findings of the research (33)... |
33. Marano HE. Making of a perfectionist. Psychol Today 2008;41:80-86 |
|
Electronic newspaper or magazine article |
Reports of the extent of damage in Chile (34)... |
34. Bajak F. Why Chile dodged Haiti-style ruin. Toronto Star (Canada) [serial online] 2010 [cited 2010 Mar 14]; Sect. News:A14 Available from: Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre |
|
Electronic newspaper article on the Internet |
The success of the Clem7 tunnel (34)... |
35. Drivers told: “Don’t use Clem7 tunnel”.The Courier Mail [Internet] 2010: [cited2010 Mar 16]; Availablefrom: http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/car-with-flat-tyre-the-first-to-cause-problems-in-clem7- tunnel/story-e6freon6-1225841179464 36. Sack K. With Medicaid cuts, doctors andpatients drop out. The New York Times [Internet].2010 Mar 16 [cited 2010 Mar 16]; Health:A1.Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/health/policy/16medicaid.html?ref=health |
Reports and other Government publications
Elements of a report citation
Author(s). Title of report. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication – year month if applicable. Total number of pages if applicable eg. 24 p. Report No.: (if applicable)
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Government /Organisation /Scientific /Technical report |
Climate change (37)... |
37.Australia. Parliament. Senate. SelectCommittee on Climate Policy. Climate policyreport. Canberra: The Senate 2009 38.Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US) 2001:24. Report No.:HETA2000-0139-2824 |
Thesis
Elements of the citation for a thesis
Printed Thesis: Author. Thesis title [type of thesis]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.
Online Thesis: Author. Thesis title [type of thesis on the internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [cited date – year month day]. Available from: Name of database/web address
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Thesis |
The research is support by Kay (39) ... |
39. Kay JG. Intracellular cytokine trafficking and phagocytosis in macrophages [PhD thesis]. St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland 2007. |
|
Thesis – retrieved from database/internet |
The research (40)... |
40. Pahl KM. Preventing anxiety and promoting social and emotional strength in early childhood: an investigation of aetiological risk factors [PhD thesis]. St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland 2009 [cited 2010 Mar 24]. Available from: University of Queensland Library E-Reserve |
|
Persian Thesis |
Bandarianzadeh believed that (41) |
41. Bandarianzadeh D. [Evaluation of pregnant women irontherapy in primary health care system at the villages of Kerman city (Persian)]. [MA Thesis] Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 1993: 25–27. |
Webpages
Elements of the citation
Author. Title of publication [type of medium – Internet]. Place of publication (if available): Publisher (if available); Date of publication – year month day (supply year if month and day not available) [updated year month day; cited year month day]. Available from: web address.
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Web page - with author |
Behaviour medication (41)... |
41. Atherton, J. Behaviour modification [Internet]. 2010 [updated 2010 Feb 10; cited 2010 Apr 10]. Available from: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/b ehaviour_mod.htm |
|
Webpage – no author |
Coping with ADHD (42)... |
42. The family impact of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [Internet] 2009 [updated 2010 Jan 1; cited 2010 Apr 8]. Available from: http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com.au/health andlifestyle.asp?sid=192&title=The-Family- Impact-of-Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity- Disorder-%28ADHD%29&page=2 |
|
Webpage – no date |
Memory loss (43) is linked... |
43. McCook A. Pre-diabetic condition linked to memory loss [internet] 2010 [cited 2010 Apr 14]. Available from: http://preventdisease.com/news /articles/pre-diabetic_memory_loss.shtml If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found for a Web site, use the date of update/revision and/or the date cited |
|
Webpage – corporate author |
Swine flu (44)... |
44. Queensland Health. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (Human Swine Influenza) [Internet] 2010 [updated 2010 Feb 19; cited 2010 Apr 7]. Available from: http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ swineflu/ |
|
Web Article with DOI |
Drug dependence (45)... |
45. Degenhardt L, Bohnert KM, Anthony C. Assessment of cocaine and other drug dependence in the general population: ‘Gated’ vs. ‘ungated’ approaches. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet] 2008 [cited 2010 Apr 15]; 93(3):227-232. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2 756072/DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.024 |
|
Web Article with no DOI or feely available on Web |
Research shows that diabetes (46)... |
46. Merzouk H, Bouchenak M, Loukidi B, Madani S, Prost J, Belleville J. Fetal macrosomia related maternal poorly controlled type 1 diabetes strongly impairs serum lipoprotein concentrations and composition. J Clin Pathol [internet] 2000 [cited 2010 Apr 15]; 53:917-923. Available from: http://jcp.bmjjournals.com/content/53/12/917.f ull.pdf+html |
|
Image on a webpage |
The image of the rash (47) |
47. Scarlet Fever Rash Picture (Hardin MD Super Site Sample) [image on the Internet] 2005 [updated 2008 Feb 1; cited 2010 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/dermatlas/scarletfever.html |
Other Internet Sources
|
Reference type |
In-text examples |
Reference list example |
|
Podcasts |
The latest fossil discover (48)... |
48. Dirks, P. “Missing Link” fossil discovery in South Africa [podcast on the internet]. Sydney: ABC Radio National 2010 [updated 2010 Apr 9; cited 2010 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/breakfast/stories/201 0/2868072.htm |
|
Blog Post |
The list (49)... |
49. East J. New medical journals terms list. 2010 Jan 25 [cited 2010 Apr 20] In: East J. EndNote: EndNote updates at UQ [Internet]. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Library. 2007-2010- . [about 5 screens].Available from: http://blogs.library.uq.edu.au/endnote/2010/01/ 25/new-medical-journals-term-list/ |