The effect of chronic soccer training on two brain tissue neurotrophic factors (NGF and BDNF) and IGF-1 in neurocognitive performance and their relationship to physical fitness in growing adolescent boys

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

10.22070/daneshmed.2024.19156.1498

Abstract

Background and Objective: Neurotrophins play a key role in the survival and growth of neurons; They are also important in the processes of synaptic plasticity, memory enhancement and learning processes; Therefore, the purpose of the current research is the effect of chronic football training on two neurotrophic factors of brain tissue in neurocognitive function and their relationship to the state of physical fitness in growing adolescent boys.
Materials and Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental type, in the from pre-test-post-test. A total of 40 growing adolescent boys aged 14 to 15 years were randomly assigned to four groups: 1-Football Training+Perceptual Motor Training (FT+PMT), 2-Football Training (FT), 3-Perceptual Motor Training (PMT) and Control (CO) were divided (10 people in each group). Football training and perceptual motor training were for eight weeks (three training sessions per week). Data analysis was done through analysis of covariance and post-hoc Bonferroni's tests in SPSS version 29 software. The significance level was P≤0.05.
Results: A significant increase in the plasma levels of NGF, BDNF and IGF-1 was observed (p≤0.05). This significant increase was more significant in FT+PMT and FT groups than other groups (p≤0.05). On the other hand, a significant decrease in Stroop test errors was observed in FT+PMT, FT and PMT groups (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that increasing the levels of NGF, BDNF and IGF-1 through football and perceptual motor training leads to improvement in the cognitive functions of developing adolescents.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Herold F, Hamacher D, Schega L, Müller NG. Thinking while moving or moving while thinking–concepts of motor-cognitive training for cognitive performance enhancement. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2018;10:364696.
  2. Azevedo KPMd, de Oliveira VH, Medeiros GCBSd, Mata ÁNdS, García DÁ, Martínez DG, et al. The Effects of Exercise on BDNF Levels in Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(17):6056.
  3. Stein AM, Silva TMV, Coelho FGdM, Arantes FJ, Costa JLR, Teodoro E, et al. Physical exercise, IGF-1 and cognition A systematic review of experimental studies in the elderly. Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2018;12:114-122.
  4. Frater J, Lie D, Bartlett P, McGrath JJ. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as a marker of cognitive decline in normal ageing: a review. Ageing Research Reviews 2018;42:14-27.
  5. Dyer AH, Vahdatpour C, Sanfeliu A, Tropea D. The role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in brain development, maturation and neuroplasticity. Neuroscience 2016;325:89-99.
  6. Nieto-Estévez V, Defterali Ç, Vicario-Abejón C. IGF-I: a key growth factor that regulates neurogenesis and synaptogenesis from embryonic to adult stages of the brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2016;10:181135.
  7. Gibon J, Barker PA. Neurotrophins and proneurotrophins: focus on synaptic activity and plasticity in the brain. The Neuroscientist 2017;23(6):587-604
  8. Rodríguez-Gutiérrez E, Torres-Costoso A, Pascual-Morena C, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Garrido-Miguel M, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Effects of Resistance Exercise on Neuroprotective Factors in Middle and Late Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aging and disease 2023;14(4):1264-1275.
  9. Jamali A, Shahrbanian S, Morteza Tayebi S. The effects of exercise training on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of the randomized controlled trials. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2020;19:633-643.
  10. Behrendt T, Kirschnick F, Kröger L, Beileke P, Rezepin M, Brigadski T, et al. Comparison of the effects of open vs. closed skill exercise on the acute and chronic BDNF, IGF-1 and IL-6 response in older healthy adults. BMC Neuroscience 2021;22(1):1-19.
  11. Numakawa T, Kajihara R. Neurotrophins and other growth factors in the pathogenesis of alzheimer’s disease. Life 2023;13(3):647.
  12. Liu D, Flory J, Lin A, Offin M, Falcon C, Murciano-Goroff Y, et al. Characterization of on-target adverse events caused by TRK inhibitor therapy. Annals of Oncology 2020;31(9):1207-1215.
  13. Sims S-K, Wilken-Resman B, Smith CJ, Mitchell A, McGonegal L, Sims-Robinson C. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor Therapeutics for Brain Injury: The Current Translational Challenges in Preclinical and Clinical Research. Neural Plasticity 2022;3889300.
  14. El-Sayes J, Harasym D, Turco CV, Locke MB, Nelson AJ. Exercise-induced neuroplasticity: a mechanistic model and prospects for promoting plasticity. The Neuroscientist 2019;25(1):65-85.
  15. Stimpson NJ, Davison G, Javadi A-H. Joggin’the noggin: towards a physiological understanding of exercise-induced cognitive benefits. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2018;88:177-186.
  16. Basso JC, Suzuki WA. The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: a review. Brain Plasticity 2017;2(2):127-152.
  17. Norman JE, Rutkowsky J, Bodine S, Rutledge JC. The potential mechanisms of exercise-induced cognitive protection: A literature review. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2018;24(17):1827.
  18. Kim S, Choi J-Y, Moon S, Park D-H, Kwak H-B, Kang J-H. Roles of myokines in exercise-induced improvement of neuropsychiatric function. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology 2019;471:491-505.
  19. Alizadeh Pahlavani H. Possible role of exercise therapy on depression: Effector neurotransmitters as key players. Behavioural Brain Research 2024;459:114791.
  20. Pahlavani HA. Exercise therapy to prevent and treat Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2023;15.
  21. Schmidt M, Benzing V, Kamer M. Classroom-based physical activity breaks and children's attention: Cognitive engagement works!. Frontiers in Psychology 2016;7:208144.
  22. Cooper SB, Dring KJ, Morris JG, Sunderland C, Bandelow S, Nevill ME. High intensity intermittent games-based activity and adolescents’ cognition: Moderating effect of physical fitness. BMC Public Health 2018;18:1-14.
  23. Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Ugalde-Ramírez A, Rico-González M, Pino-Ortega J, González-Hernández J, Rojas-Valverde D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Football Playing on Changes in Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level. Applied Sciences 2021;11(24):11828.
  24. Williams RA, Cooper SB, Dring KJ, Hatch L, Morris JG, Sunderland C, et al. Effect of football activity and physical fitness on information processing, inhibitory control and working memory in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):1398.
  25. Beltran-Valls MR, Adelantado-Renau M, Moliner-Urdiales D. Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Plasma BDNF in Adolescents: DADOS Study. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 2018;65(4):467-471.
  26. Huang T, Gejl AK, Tarp J, Andersen LB, Peijs L, Bugge A. Cross-sectional associations of objectively measured physical activity with brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adolescents. Physiology & Behavior 2017;171:87-91.
  27. Abbaspoor E, Zolfaghari M, Ahmadi B, Khodaei K. The effect of combined functional training on BDNF, IGF-1, and their association with health-related fitness in the multiple sclerosis women. Growth Hormone & IGF Research 2020;52:101320.
  28. Makhlouf I, Chaouachi A, Chaouachi M, Ben Othman A, Granacher U, Behm DG. Combination of agility and plyometric training provides similar training benefits as combined balance and plyometric training in young soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology 2018;9:1611.
  29. Gubbi S, Quipildor GF, Barzilai N, Huffman DM, Milman S. 40 YEARS of IGF1: IGF1: the Jekyll and Hyde of the aging brain. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2018;61(1):T171-T85.
  30. Cabral DF, Rice J, Morris TP, Rundek T, Pascual-Leone A, Gomes-Osman J. Exercise for Brain Health: An Investigation into the Underlying Mechanisms Guided by Dose. Neurotherapeutics 2019;16(3):580-99.
  31. Yang J-S, Yoo S-H, Cho S-Y, Roh H-T. Effects of acute soccer game on serum levels of neurotrophins and neurocognitive functions in male adolescents. Journal of Life Science 2012;22(11):1444-1450.
  32. Bamaç B, Tamer G, Colak T, Çolak E, Seyrek E, Duman C, et al. Effects of repeatedly heading a soccer ball on serum levels of two neurotrophic factors of brain tissue, BDNF and NGF, in professional soccer players. Biology of Sport 2011;28(3):177.
  33. Roh H-T, Cho S-Y, Yoon H-G, So W-Y. Effect of exercise intensity on neurotrophic factors and blood–brain barrier permeability induced by oxidative–nitrosative stress in male college students. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2017;27(3):239-246.
  34. Babaei P, Damirchi A, Mehdipoor M, Tehrani BS. Long term habitual exercise is associated with lower resting level of serum BDNF. Neuroscience Letters 2014;566:304-308.
  35. Hunter LE, Freudenberg-Hua Y, Davies P, Kim M, Fleysher R, Stewart WF, et al. BDNF Val66Met positive players demonstrate diffusion tensor imaging consistent with impaired myelination associated with high levels of soccer heading: indication of a potential gene-environment interaction mechanism. Frontiers in Neurology 2019;10:486842.
  36. Hung C-L, Tseng J-W, Chao H-H, Hung T-M, Wang H-S. Effect of Acute Exercise Mode on Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Task Switching Performance. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2018;7(10):301.
  37. Arazi H, Babaei P, Moghimi M, Asadi A. Acute effects of strength and endurance exercise on serum BDNF and IGF-1 levels in older men. BMC Geriatrics 2021;21:1-8.
  38. Marston KJ, Newton MJ, Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Bird S, Martins RN, et al. Intense resistance exercise increases peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2017;20(10):899-903.
  39. Tsai C-L, Pan C-Y, Tseng Y-T, Chen F-C, Chang Y-C, Wang T-C. Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on BDNF and irisin levels and neurocognitive performance in late middle-aged and older adults. Behavioural Brain Research 2021;413:113472.
  40. Marquez CMS, Vanaudenaerde B, Troosters T, Wenderoth N. High-intensity interval training evokes larger serum BDNF levels compared with intense continuous exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 2015; 119(12); 1363-1373.
  41. El Hayek L, Khalifeh M, Zibara V, Abi Assaad R, Emmanuel N, Karnib N, et al. Lactate mediates the effects of exercise on learning and memory through SIRT1-dependent activation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Journal of Neuroscience 2019;39(13):2369-2382.
  42. Bonanni R, Cariati I, Tarantino U, D’Arcangelo G, Tancredi V. Physical Exercise and Health: A Focus on Its Protective Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 2022;7(2):38.
  43. Kraemer RR, Kraemer BR. The effects of peripheral hormone responses to exercise on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023;14.
  44. Cho S-Y, So W-Y, Roh H-T. Effects of aerobic exercise training and cranial electrotherapy stimulation on the stress-related hormone, the neurotrophic factor, and mood states in obese middle-aged women: a pilot clinical trial. Salud Mental 2016;39(5):249-256.
  45. Bonini M, Fioretti D, Sargentini V, Del Giacco S, Rinaldi M, Tranquilli C, et al. Increased nerve growth factor serum levels in top athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2013;23(3):228-231.
  46. Ribeiro D, Petrigna L, Pereira FC, Muscella A, Bianco A, Tavares P. The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4/5: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021;22(16):8814.
  47. Ma C-L, Ma X-T, Wang J-J, Liu H, Chen Y-F, Yang Y. Physical exercise induces hippocampal neurogenesis and prevents cognitive decline. Behavioural Brain Research 2017;317:332-339.
  48. Ghayour Najaf Abadi M, Khazaie E, Pournemati P, sheikh m, Bahrami Ehsan Z. Effects of combined physical and cognitive training on shooting performance and executive function of semi-skilled air rifle shooters. Military Psychology 2024;15(1):189-202.
  49. Sheibani E, Khorasani LK, Ayatizadeh F. The Effect of Internal and External Attention in Futsal Dribbling Skills on Serum Level of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cognitive Function. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning 2023;15(3):61-75.
Daneshvar Medicine
Volume 32, Issue 3 - Serial Number 172
September and October 2024
Pages 24-37

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics