Daneshvar Medicine

Daneshvar Medicine

The effect of a period of high-intensity interval training on gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) and the size of cells in subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats fed with high-fat diet

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Shadi Fayyazi 1
Reza Gharakhanlou 2
Mahdieh Molanouri 2
Mohammadreza Kordi 3
1 Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranModares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
10.22070/daneshmed.2023.17577.1341
Abstract
Background and Objective: The effect of exercise in reducing fat tissue and fat cell size may be related to TGF-β1 signaling. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) simultaneously with high-fat diet on TGF-β1 gene expression and cell size in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: ND (normal diet), HFD (high fat diet), HIIT+ND and HIIT+HFT. HIIT consisted of eight bouts of intense activity at 90% of maximum running capacity (MRC) for 2.5 minutes, with active rest periods at 50% of maximum running capacity for 2.5 minutes for 10 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken and subcutaneous fat was removed. qRT-PCR method was used to measure TGF-β1 gene expression and the stereological method was used to determine the size of fat cells. Two-way ANOVA test with a significant level of P < 0.05 was used to analyze the data.
Results: The interaction between HIIT and high-fat diet caused a significant decrease in TGF-β1 gene expression (F=24.99, P<0.001), but it had no significant effect on fat cell size (P=0.780, F=0.07). A positive and significant correlation was observed between TGF-β1 gene expression and fat cell size (r=0.896, P<0.001).
Conclusion: HIIT at the same time with consuming a high-fat diet prevents the increase of TGF-β1 in the subcutaneous fat tissue and may have a preventive effect on the increase in fat cell size.
Keywords
High-intensity interval training
TGF-β1
Fat cell size
High-fat diet
Subcutaneous adipose tissue
Subjects
  1. Takahashi H, Alves CRR, Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Nigro P, Ryan RE, et al. TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Nature Metabolism 2019;1(2):291-303.
  2. Stenkula KG, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Adipose cell size: importance in health and disease. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2018;315(2):R284-R95.
  3. Muir LA, Neeley CK, Meyer KA, Baker NA, Brosius AM, Washabaugh AR, et al. Adipose tissue fibrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia: Correlations with diabetes in human obesity. Obesity 2016;24(3):597-605.
  4. Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, Bernard S, Buchholz BA, Bergmann O, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature 2008; 783–787.
  5. Chen HJ, Yan XY, Sun A, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yan YE. Adipose extracellular matrix deposition is an indicator of obesity and metabolic disorders. The Journal of nutritional Biochemistry 2023; 111:109159.
  6. Liu F, He J, Wang H, Zhu D, Bi Y. Adipose morphology: a critical factor in regulation of human metabolic diseases and adipose tissue dysfunction. Obesity Surgery 2020;30:5086-100.
  7. Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC. Fat cell size: measurement methods, pathophysiological origins, and relationships with metabolic dysregulations. Endocrine Reviews 2022;43(1):35-60.
  8. Jakab J, Miškić B, Mikšić Š, Juranić B, Ćosić V, Schwarz D, et al. Adipogenesis as a potential anti-obesity target: A review of pharmacological treatment and natural products. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2021:67-83.
  9. Lee M-J. Transforming growth factor beta superfamily regulation of adipose tissue biology in obesity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 2018;1864(4):1160-1171.
  10. Toyoda S, Shin J, Fukuhara A, Otsuki M, Shimomura I. Transforming growth factor β1 signaling links extracellular matrix remodeling to intracellular lipogenesis upon physiological feeding events. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2022; 298(4): 101748.
  11. Yadav H, Quijano C, Kamaraju AK, Gavrilova O, Malek R, Chen W, et al. Protection from obesity and diabetes by blockade of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Cell Metabolism 2011;14(1):67-79.
  12. Biernacka A, Dobaczewski M, Frangogiannis NG. TGF-β signaling in fibrosis. Growth Factors 2011;29(5):196-202.
  13. Pourabdi K, Shakeriyan S, Pourabdi Z, Janbozorgi M. Effects of short-term interval training courses on fitness and weight loss of untrained girls. Annals of Applied Sport Science 2013;1(2):1-9.
  14. Kolnes KJ, Petersen MH, Lien-Iversen T, Højlund K, Jensen J. Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution. Frontiers in Physiology 2021: 12:737709. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737709.
  15. Martland R, Mondelli V, Gaughran F, Stubbs B. Can high-intensity interval training improve physical and mental health outcomes? A meta-review of 33 systematic reviews across the lifespan. Journal of Sports Sciences 2020;38(4):430-69.
  16. Chen H-j, Yan X-y, Sun A, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yan Y-e. Adipose extracellular matrix deposition is an indicator of obesity and metabolic disorders. The Journal of nutritional Biochemistry 2023;111:109159.
  17. Kawanishi N, Niihara H, Mizokami T, Yano H, Suzuki K. Exercise training attenuates adipose tissue fibrosis in diet-induced obese mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2013;440(4):774-779.
  18. Javaid HMA, Sahar NE, ZhuGe D-L, Huh JY. Exercise inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in obese mice via the anti-inflammatory effect of meteorin-like. Cells 2021;10(12):3480.
  19. Ziegler A, Damgaard A, Mackey A, Schjerling P, Magnusson P, Olesen A, et al. An anti-inflammatory phenotype in visceral adipose tissue of old lean mice, augmented by exercise. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):12069.
  20. Maharjan BR, Martinez‐Huenchullan SF, Mclennan SV, Twigg SM, Williams PF. Exercise induces favorable metabolic changes in white adipose tissue preventing high‐fat diet obesity. Physiological Reports 2021;9(16):e14929.
  21. Khalafi M, Mohebbi H, Karimi P, Faridnia M, Tabari E. The effect of high intensity interval training and moderate intensity continuous training on mitochondrial content and pgc-1α of subcutaneous adipose tissue in male rats with high fat diet induced obesity. Journal of Sport Biosciences 2018;10(3):297-315.
  22. Martinez-Huenchullan SF, Ban LA, Olaya-Agudo LF, Maharjan BR, Williams PF, Tam CS, et al. Constant-moderate and high-intensity interval training have differential benefits on insulin sensitive tissues in high-fat fed mice. Frontiers in Physiology 2019;10:459.
  23. Vieira VJ, Valentine RJ, Wilund KR, Woods JA. Effects of diet and exercise on metabolic disturbances in high-fat diet-fed mice. Cytokine 2009;46(3):339-345.
  24. Gustafson B, Nerstedt A, Smith U. Reduced subcutaneous adipogenesis in human hypertrophic obesity is linked to senescent precursor cells. Nature Communications 2019;10(1):2757.
  25. Heinonen S, Saarinen L, Naukkarinen J, Rodríguez A, Frühbeck G, Hakkarainen A, et al. Adipocyte morphology and implications for metabolic derangements in acquired obesity. International journal of obesity 2014;38(11):1423-1431.
  26. Zhang Y, Zitsman JL, Hou J, Fennoy I, Guo K, Feinberg J, et al. Fat cell size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, depot, and metabolic risk factors in morbidly obese adolescents. Obesity 2014;22(3):691-697.
  27. McLaughlin T, Lamendola C, Coghlan N, Liu T, Lerner K, Sherman A, et al. Subcutaneous adipose cell size and distribution: relationship to insulin resistance and body fat. Obesity 2014;22(3):673-80.
  28. Eiras S, Teijeira-Fernández E, Salgado-Somoza A, Couso E, García-Caballero T, Sierra J, et al. Relationship between epicardial adipose tissue adipocyte size and MCP-1 expression. Cytokine 2010; 51(2):207-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.05.009. Epub 2010 Jun 17.
  29. Kolahdouzi S, Talebi Garakani E, Hamidian G, Safarzade A. The Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Aerobic Training on Adipose Tissue Angiogenesis in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet. Sport Physiology 2018;10(38):143-162.
  30. Gollisch KS, Brandauer J, Jessen N, Toyoda T, Nayer A, Hirshman MF, et al. Effects of exercise training on subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in normal-and high-fat diet-fed rats. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;297(2):E495-E504.
  31. Fayyazi S, Naghibi S, Asad M. The effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training and moderate continuous training on PGC-1α and ERRα gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male rats. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences 2021; 28(5): 104-115.
  32. Kolahdouzi S, Talebi-Garakani E, Hamidian G, Safarzade A. Exercise training prevents high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue remodeling by promoting capillary density and macrophage polarization. Life sciences 2019;220:32-43.
  33. Ahn C, Ryan BJ, Schleh MW, Varshney P, Ludzki AC, Gillen JB, et al. Exercise training remodels subcutaneous adipose tissue in adults with obesity even without weight loss. The Journal of Physiology 2022;600(9):2127-46.
  34. Muir LA, Neeley CK, Meyer KA, Baker NA, Brosius AM, Washabaugh AR, et al. Adipose tissue fibrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia: Correlations with diabetes in human obesity. Obesity 2016;24(3):597-605.
Daneshvar Medicine
Volume 31, Issue 2 - Serial Number 165
July and August 2023
Pages 83-94