The effect of combined exercises with the approach of ultimate-fit and coffee consumption on liver enzymes of middle-aged men with non-alcoholic fatty liver

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

2 Center of Physical Education, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan. Iran

Abstract

Background and Objective: Fat deposition in the liver to the extent of more than 5% of the liver weight in the absence of significant alcohol consumption, viral infections and any etiology of liver disease is called non-alcoholic fatty liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercises with the approach of "ultimate -fit" and coffee consumption on the levels of liver enzymes in middle-aged men with non-alcoholic fatty liver.
Materials and Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. 44 middle-aged men with fatty liver were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups: combined exercise (n=11), coffee consumption (n=11), combined exercise + coffee consumption (n=11) and control (n=11). Ultrasound and blood tests were performed to determine the amount of liver enzymes before and after the implementation of the research protocol. The practice groups performed the combined program for eight weeks in three regular sessions per week. Subjects in the coffee consumption group and combined exercise+coffee consumption received 10 grams of coffee every other day.  Data were analyzed by using analysis of MANCOVA.
Results: Serum levels of liver enzymes in all three experimental groups were significantly reduced compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In the experimental group, combined exercise with coffee consumption decreased alanine aminotransferase and in other cases no significant difference was observed.
Conclusion: Combined exercise intervention with coffee consumption is effective in reducing liver enzymes. This intervention can be used for sedentary middle-aged people with fatty liver who are on the verge of aging.

Keywords


  1. Blachier M, Leleu H, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Valla D C, Roudot Thoraval F. The Burden of Liver Disease in Europe: A Journal of Hepatology 2013; 58(3):60-93.
  2. Younosi Z M, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y , Henry L, Wymer M.  Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analysis Assess prevalence, incidence and outcomes.  Hepatology 2016; 64 (1):73 -84.   https:// doi: 10.1002/hep.28431   PMID: 26707365
  3. Younesian A, Moradi H, Razavianzadeh N, Zahedi E. [Prevalence of fatty liver using ultrasound in male high-school pupils without history of liver disease and its relationship with liver enzymes, body mass index and waist - hip ratio outcomes (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences 2015; 22(132): 79-86.   
  4. McCarthy E M, Rinella ME. The role of diet and nutrient composition nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2012; 112(3):401-9. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.10.007    PMID: 22717200.
  5. Al-Jiffri O, Al-Sharif FM, El-Kader SM, Ashmawy EM. Weight reduction improves markers of hepatic function and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. African Health Sciences 2013 13(3):667-672.  https://doi: 10.4314/ahsv13i3.21    PMID: 24250305; PMCID: PMC3824460.
  6. Cho A S, Jeon SM, Kim M J, Yeo J, Seo KI,Choi M-S, et al.  Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti- obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice.  Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48 (3): 937-43.  https://doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.003    PMID: 20064576.
  7. Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Ungprasert P. Coffee consumption and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2017; 29(2):e8-e12.   https://doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000776.   PMID: 27824642.
  8. De Piano A, de Mello MT, Sanches Pde L, da Silva PL, Campos RM, Carnier J, et al. Long-term effects of aerobic plus resistance training on the adipokines and neuropeptides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents. European Journal of Groenterology and Hepatology 2012; 24(11):1313-24.  https://doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32835793ac    PMID: 22932160.
  9. Balducci S, Cardelli P, Pugliese L, D’Errico V, Haxhi J, Alessi E, et al. Volume-dependent effect of supervised exercise training on fatty liver and visceral adiposity index in subjects with type 2 diabetes The Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2015; 109(2): 355-63.   https://doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.033. PMID: 26047682
  10. Khajeh Salehani Sh, Alizadeh R. [Effect of Eight Weeks of Concurrent Training on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profile, and Insulin Resistance among Overweight Male Children (Persian)]. Quarterly of "The Horizon of Medical Sciences" 2019; 25(4):312-323.   https:// doi.org/10.32598/hms.25.4.312
  11. Takahashi H, Kotani K, Tanaka K, Egucih Y, Anzai K. therapeutic approaches to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: exercise intervention and related mechanism front endocrine. Lausanne 2018; 9(1):58-88.  https://doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00588
  12. Romero-Gómez M, Zelber- Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. Journal of Hepatology 2017; 67(4):829-846.  https://doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016. PMID: 28545937
  13. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical  characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395(10223):507-513. https://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 PMID:32007143;PMCID: PMC7135076.
  14. Rajabi S, Askari R,   Amir Hossein Haghighi A H, Razavianzadeh N. [The effect of resistance-interval training with two different intensities on cytokeratin 81 and some functional indicators in Women with fatty liver (Persian) ]. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020; 23(3):69-82.
  15. Nazarieh E,  Ghaedi H,  Taghipour A. [Effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with supplementation of Zataria multiflora on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis index of men with non-alcoholic fatty liver (Persian) ]. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 2020; 16(31):115-126.
  16. Beigi S, Hematfar A, Khairi Y,Beigi M.[ Effects of aerobic- pilates exercise training on serum levels of liver enzymes and sonography of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Persian) ]. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport 2020; 8(16):102-115. https://doi:10.22077/jpsbs.2019.1689.1426
  17. Aliniya N, Elmieh  A, Fadaei Chafy M. [The Effect of Combined Training and Portulaca Oleracea Supplementation on Plasma Lipid Profile and Liver Ultrasound in Obese Females with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Persian)]. Journal of Arak University Medical Sciences 2020; 23 (1):92-107.   http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6132-en.html
  18. Pfirrmann D, Huber Y, Schattenberg JM, Simon P. Web-Based Exercise as an Effective Complementary Treatment for Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Intervention Study 2019; 2; 21(1):12-50.    https://doi: 10. 2196/11250
  19. Machado M, Breder AC, Ximenes MC, Simões JR, Vigo JFF. Caffeine Supplementation and    muscle damage in soccer players.  Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009; 45(2):57-61.
  20. Sadeghi S, Asad M R, Ferdowsi M H. [The effect of twelve weeks of endurance training on liver enzymes levels in  Iranian obese women (Persian)].  Research in Sports Medicine and Technology 2017; 15(13):49-60.  http://jsmt.khu.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.html
  21. Barani F,  Afzalpour M E, Ilbeigi S, Kazemi T, Mohammadi Fard M. [The effect of resistance and combined exercise on serum levels of the liver enzymes and fitness indicators in non-alcoholic women with fatty liver (Persian)]. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences 2014; 21 (2): 188-202.
  22. Oh S, So R, Shida T, Matsuo T, Kim B, Akiyama K, et al. High-intensity aerobic exercise improves both hepatic fat content and stiffness in sedentary obese men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Scientific Reports 2017; 7:43029.   https://doi: 10.1038/srep43029. PMID: 28223710; PMCID: PMC5320441
  23. Dodd FL, Kennedy DO, Riby LM, Haskell-Ramsay CF.  A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology 2015; 232(14):2563–76.   https://doi: 10. 1007/s00213-015-3895-0
  24. Rivera W, Velasco X, Galvez C, Rincon C, Rosales A, Arango P. Effect of the roasting process on glass transition and phase transition of colombian Arabic coffee beans. Procedia Food Sciences 2011; 1:385–90.
  25. Kim B, Nam Y, Kim J, Choi H, Won C. Coffee consumption and stroke risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Korean Journal Family Medicine 2012; 33(6): 356–65. https://doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2012.33.6.356.  PMID: 23267421; PMCID: PMC3526718.
  26. Arsey A, Deghani A. [Study of the effect of caffeine on the analgesic properties of penazosin (Persian)].    Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences 1998; 1(1):7-11.