Shahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823Evaluation of mental disorders incidence trend in IranEvaluation of mental disorders incidence trend in Iran1101629FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objective: Mental health is a seriouse issue in health care systems in the world including Iran which has been relatively neglected. In many countries, the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders are regularly observed. The aim of the present study was to prepare a report on the incidence trend of the mental disorders in Iran based on previous studies.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the literature was examined using web search engines. The extracted articles were then compared and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was obtained from them.
Results: So far in Iran, three national scale surveys were conducted in order to determine the prevalence of mental disorders using different tools in 1998, 2007 and 2010 which showed prevalences of 21%, 17.10% and 23.6%, respectively. But since these surveys used different diagnostic tools, there were some difficulties comparing them. So, three surveys in the city of Tehran with the same tool conducted in 1997, 2007 and 2012 are used to determine the trends in mental health prevalence which showed prevalences of 21.5%, 34.2% and 39.6%, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that the prevalence of mental disorders in Iran is increasing alarmingly.Thus, the future attempt should be focused on causes and risk factors, and appropriate measures must be taken to deal with this situation.Background and Objective: Mental health is a seriouse issue in health care systems in the world including Iran which has been relatively neglected. In many countries, the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders are regularly observed. The aim of the present study was to prepare a report on the incidence trend of the mental disorders in Iran based on previous studies.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the literature was examined using web search engines. The extracted articles were then compared and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was obtained from them.
Results: So far in Iran, three national scale surveys were conducted in order to determine the prevalence of mental disorders using different tools in 1998, 2007 and 2010 which showed prevalences of 21%, 17.10% and 23.6%, respectively. But since these surveys used different diagnostic tools, there were some difficulties comparing them. So, three surveys in the city of Tehran with the same tool conducted in 1997, 2007 and 2012 are used to determine the trends in mental health prevalence which showed prevalences of 21.5%, 34.2% and 39.6%, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that the prevalence of mental disorders in Iran is increasing alarmingly.Thus, the future attempt should be focused on causes and risk factors, and appropriate measures must be taken to deal with this situation.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1629_94882aeba912aef50bae5af5a12cf3a1.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823Modulation of serum level of TNF-α following caffeine intake in response to a single bout of resistance exhaustive exerciseModulation of serum level of TNF-α following caffeine intake in response to a single bout of resistance exhaustive exercise11201630FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objective: Since the results of some scientific data on positive effects of caffeine compounds on modulation the inflammatory symptoms have been reported, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of acute different doses of caffeine ingestion on serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response following a single bout resistance exhaustive exercise in male volleyball players.
Materials and Methods: Thirty male volleyball players (aged 21.47±1.45 years, fat 10.47±3.11%, and BMI 23.15±1.26 kg.m2) in an experimental, randomized and double-blind design were allocated equally into three randomized homogeneous groups: supplement groups (Caffeine intake: 6 or 9 mg.kg-1) and placebo group (Dextrose intake: 6 mg.kg-1). After the supplementation, all subjects were participated in a single resistance weight-training (with 80% of one repetition maximum until exhaustive). Changes in serum TNF-α were determined in three phases (Baseline, 45 min after the supplementation and 24 hours after the training protocol). The normal data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni at α≤0.05.
Results: The results show that the different doses of caffeine ingestion has significant effects (P < 0.05) on the basal inflammatory marker. Moreover, the 24-hour response of serum TNF-α following the resistance exercise in caffeine groups was significantly less than placebo group (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that acute different doses of caffeine intake may be able to reduce exercise-induced inflammatory response (TNF-α) following a single bout resistance exercise in male volleyball players.Background and Objective: Since the results of some scientific data on positive effects of caffeine compounds on modulation the inflammatory symptoms have been reported, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of acute different doses of caffeine ingestion on serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response following a single bout resistance exhaustive exercise in male volleyball players.
Materials and Methods: Thirty male volleyball players (aged 21.47±1.45 years, fat 10.47±3.11%, and BMI 23.15±1.26 kg.m2) in an experimental, randomized and double-blind design were allocated equally into three randomized homogeneous groups: supplement groups (Caffeine intake: 6 or 9 mg.kg-1) and placebo group (Dextrose intake: 6 mg.kg-1). After the supplementation, all subjects were participated in a single resistance weight-training (with 80% of one repetition maximum until exhaustive). Changes in serum TNF-α were determined in three phases (Baseline, 45 min after the supplementation and 24 hours after the training protocol). The normal data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni at α≤0.05.
Results: The results show that the different doses of caffeine ingestion has significant effects (P < 0.05) on the basal inflammatory marker. Moreover, the 24-hour response of serum TNF-α following the resistance exercise in caffeine groups was significantly less than placebo group (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that acute different doses of caffeine intake may be able to reduce exercise-induced inflammatory response (TNF-α) following a single bout resistance exercise in male volleyball players.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1630_40047039c0a3f15574f46f6bbf63d638.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823Effect of food restriction, food deprivation and food inequality on anxiety-like behavior in ratsEffect of food restriction, food deprivation and food inequality on anxiety-like behavior in rats21301631FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objective: Findings represent the role of social stress in aging, disease and mortality of individuals. Since the body responses to environmental stress by anxiety behaviors, in this study we compared the effects of "food restriction", "food deprivation" and "social inequality" on anxiety-like behaviors.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 male rats were divided into 6 groups including “control”, “food restriction 40% reduction of food intake being able to sense other’s feeding (inequality)”, “food restriction keeping in isolated place (without inequality)”, “intermittent food restriction” , “ food deprivation 70% reduction in food intake being able to sense other’s feeding (inequality)”, and “food deprivation keeping in isolated place (without inequality)”. Different environmental stresses were applied during three weeks. At the end of stress period, anxiety behavior was measured by elevated plus maze ( EPM) test.
Results and Conclusion: The duration and frequency of open arm entries in food deprivation groups had a significant increase and in food restriction groups had a significant decrease as compared to the control group. Combination of increasing activity of the animals with anxiety during dietary restriction along with food inequality represent the effort conditions of animals for improvement. Food deprivation reduces activity, especially when is combined with the feeling of inequality that can be considered as the probable role of social inequality in manifestation of a “learned helplessness” situation.Background and Objective: Findings represent the role of social stress in aging, disease and mortality of individuals. Since the body responses to environmental stress by anxiety behaviors, in this study we compared the effects of "food restriction", "food deprivation" and "social inequality" on anxiety-like behaviors.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 male rats were divided into 6 groups including “control”, “food restriction 40% reduction of food intake being able to sense other’s feeding (inequality)”, “food restriction keeping in isolated place (without inequality)”, “intermittent food restriction” , “ food deprivation 70% reduction in food intake being able to sense other’s feeding (inequality)”, and “food deprivation keeping in isolated place (without inequality)”. Different environmental stresses were applied during three weeks. At the end of stress period, anxiety behavior was measured by elevated plus maze ( EPM) test.
Results and Conclusion: The duration and frequency of open arm entries in food deprivation groups had a significant increase and in food restriction groups had a significant decrease as compared to the control group. Combination of increasing activity of the animals with anxiety during dietary restriction along with food inequality represent the effort conditions of animals for improvement. Food deprivation reduces activity, especially when is combined with the feeling of inequality that can be considered as the probable role of social inequality in manifestation of a “learned helplessness” situation.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1631_1ff9f5a13e3af5cd328384f771750633.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823The effectiveness of teaching communication skills in reduction of loneliness feeling and depression among widowsThe effectiveness of teaching communication skills in reduction of loneliness feeling and depression among widows31401632FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objective: The phenomena of divorce are increasing in our society and sometimes lead to loneliness feeling and depression among widows. So, this study was done with the aim to determine the effectiveness of communication skills teaching on reducing loneliness feeling and depression among divorced women of Shahrood city.
Materials and Methods: The design of this study was experimental with pre-test and post-test and one control group. From 90 divorced women clients of Relief Committee of Shahrood city, 40 widows randomly selected by access sampling according to the criteria of age, education levels and number of children. They were put equally in two groups: experimental group (20 widows) and control group (20 widows). They filled questioners of communication skills, loneliness and depression. Data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate covariance tests.
Results: Results showed that communication skills training could significantly reduce depression, but not the loneliness feeling of samples. Also, communication skills training affected improvement abilities of non-verbal communication and communication skills in widows. In follow up research, it was found out that two groups were significantly different with each other regarding depression, listening skills, communication and non-verbal skills.
Conclusion: According to the results of the data analyzed, it was concluded that communication skills training could reduce depression and increase non-verbal communication and communication skills in widows.Background and Objective: The phenomena of divorce are increasing in our society and sometimes lead to loneliness feeling and depression among widows. So, this study was done with the aim to determine the effectiveness of communication skills teaching on reducing loneliness feeling and depression among divorced women of Shahrood city.
Materials and Methods: The design of this study was experimental with pre-test and post-test and one control group. From 90 divorced women clients of Relief Committee of Shahrood city, 40 widows randomly selected by access sampling according to the criteria of age, education levels and number of children. They were put equally in two groups: experimental group (20 widows) and control group (20 widows). They filled questioners of communication skills, loneliness and depression. Data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate covariance tests.
Results: Results showed that communication skills training could significantly reduce depression, but not the loneliness feeling of samples. Also, communication skills training affected improvement abilities of non-verbal communication and communication skills in widows. In follow up research, it was found out that two groups were significantly different with each other regarding depression, listening skills, communication and non-verbal skills.
Conclusion: According to the results of the data analyzed, it was concluded that communication skills training could reduce depression and increase non-verbal communication and communication skills in widows.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1632_ce45ff546116d430693441b6b5c8d07a.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823Determination of factors affecting growth failure of children under two years with multilevel logistic regression modelDetermination of factors affecting growth failure of children under two years with multilevel logistic regression model41481633FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objective: Growth failure is one of the important health issues around the world especially in developing countries such as Iran that results in inability to growth over time. The aim of this research was to detect some of the most effective factors of growth failure in children under two years using the multilevel logistic regression model.
Materials & Methods: In this longitudinal study, using a cluster sampling method, 2182 children less than two years were randomly selected from eight health centers in Tehran. Growth failure was defined as a weight decrease in a child weight (minimum 50 grams) at each attendance related to the previous evaluation. To identify the effective factors, the three-level logistic regression model was fitted.
Results: In three-level logistic regression model, fever (p = 0.299), breast-feeding during 2 hours after birth (p = 0.787) and age of beginning complementary food (p = 0.165) were not significant, but teething, diarrhea, catching cold, urinary tract infections, and discontinuation of breast-feeding were the significant risk indicators for FTT (p < 0.001). The variance of the 3rd level (health centers) was 0.78 (SE = 0.46) and the variance of the 2nd level (infants) was estimated 0.54 (SE = 0.09).
Conclusion: In general, our findings showed a rather high prevalence of growth failure in our study population (54.2% of infants experienced growth failure during the first 24 months of their life). Therefore, considering the significant risk factors in the incidence of FTT in children between 0 and 2 years in Tehran, it seems the promotion of knowledge level of mothers and healthcare providers may reduce and control this problem effectively.Background and Objective: Growth failure is one of the important health issues around the world especially in developing countries such as Iran that results in inability to growth over time. The aim of this research was to detect some of the most effective factors of growth failure in children under two years using the multilevel logistic regression model.
Materials & Methods: In this longitudinal study, using a cluster sampling method, 2182 children less than two years were randomly selected from eight health centers in Tehran. Growth failure was defined as a weight decrease in a child weight (minimum 50 grams) at each attendance related to the previous evaluation. To identify the effective factors, the three-level logistic regression model was fitted.
Results: In three-level logistic regression model, fever (p = 0.299), breast-feeding during 2 hours after birth (p = 0.787) and age of beginning complementary food (p = 0.165) were not significant, but teething, diarrhea, catching cold, urinary tract infections, and discontinuation of breast-feeding were the significant risk indicators for FTT (p < 0.001). The variance of the 3rd level (health centers) was 0.78 (SE = 0.46) and the variance of the 2nd level (infants) was estimated 0.54 (SE = 0.09).
Conclusion: In general, our findings showed a rather high prevalence of growth failure in our study population (54.2% of infants experienced growth failure during the first 24 months of their life). Therefore, considering the significant risk factors in the incidence of FTT in children between 0 and 2 years in Tehran, it seems the promotion of knowledge level of mothers and healthcare providers may reduce and control this problem effectively.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1633_bbff5653e509d5c943903ea7372e45d4.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823The effect of 30-20-10 training on physiological and psychological health parameters of untrained students of Islamic Azad University of HendijanThe effect of 30-20-10 training on physiological and psychological health parameters of untrained students of Islamic Azad University of Hendijan49621634FAJournal Article20200926Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 30-20-10 training on anaerobic power, mental health, heart rate, blood pressure and rate of perceived effort.
Materials and Methods: This study was semi-experimental on 40 male students with a mean age 25.2±6.5 years, height 175.22±4.05 cm, weight 80.4±10.33, body mass index 26.25±4.3 kg per square meter, and VO2max 25.15±6.5 ml kg min-1. Aerobic power, mental health, blood pressure, heart rate and rate of perceived effort (Borg scale) of students before and after10 sessions of 30-20-10 training was measured. The data were analyzed with paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient method at P≤0.05 significance level.
Results: After performing program training, aerobic power index (VO2max) (25 ± 6.5 vs. 29.17 ± 4.5) shows a statistically significant increase (p≤0.05), while rate of perceived effort (18.5 ± 1.2 vs. 16.2 ± 3.7), systolic blood pressure (141 ± 20 vs. 133 ± 22) and mental health (22.08 ± 4.17 vs. 18.01 ± 5.69) indicate a significant decrease (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: 30-20-10 training improves the psychological and physiological parameters of untrained subjects simultaneously. This type of training can be used in physical education classes in university, since resulting a in the maximum of psychological and physiological benefits from minimum training volume. Thus, according to the present results, using 30-20-10 training (or similar practices and new exercises) for untrained subjects (students) instead of using the boring and repetitive training in physical education classes is recommended.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 30-20-10 training on anaerobic power, mental health, heart rate, blood pressure and rate of perceived effort.
Materials and Methods: This study was semi-experimental on 40 male students with a mean age 25.2±6.5 years, height 175.22±4.05 cm, weight 80.4±10.33, body mass index 26.25±4.3 kg per square meter, and VO2max 25.15±6.5 ml kg min-1. Aerobic power, mental health, blood pressure, heart rate and rate of perceived effort (Borg scale) of students before and after10 sessions of 30-20-10 training was measured. The data were analyzed with paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient method at P≤0.05 significance level.
Results: After performing program training, aerobic power index (VO2max) (25 ± 6.5 vs. 29.17 ± 4.5) shows a statistically significant increase (p≤0.05), while rate of perceived effort (18.5 ± 1.2 vs. 16.2 ± 3.7), systolic blood pressure (141 ± 20 vs. 133 ± 22) and mental health (22.08 ± 4.17 vs. 18.01 ± 5.69) indicate a significant decrease (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: 30-20-10 training improves the psychological and physiological parameters of untrained subjects simultaneously. This type of training can be used in physical education classes in university, since resulting a in the maximum of psychological and physiological benefits from minimum training volume. Thus, according to the present results, using 30-20-10 training (or similar practices and new exercises) for untrained subjects (students) instead of using the boring and repetitive training in physical education classes is recommended.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1634_aafa656929492f56fae01260878aef17.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823Evaluation of the effect of lifestyle on job exhaustion among the nurses in governmental hospitals in Northern Khorasan with emphasis on intermediate role of psychological capitalEvaluation of the effect of lifestyle on job exhaustion among the nurses in governmental hospitals in Northern Khorasan with emphasis on intermediate role of psychological capital63701635FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objectives: Obviously, given that dissatisfaction and turnover, including cases in which the modern world have further enhanced and job burnout is one of the effected factors, so, conducting some studies for determining the relationship between lifestyle and job burnout is important. This study examined the effect of lifestyle on job burn out among the nurses in governmental hospitals in Northern Khorasan with emphasis on intermediate role of psychological capital.
Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional analytical survey. Research community included the nurses in governmental hospitals in Northern Korasan in 2013. 420 nurses were randomly selected as research sample. For collecting data, Maslach job burn out, Luthans psychological capital and the researcher made lifestyle questionnaires which have acceptable reliability and validity were used. The data were analyzed by LISREL and SPSS software, structural equation modeling and two –stage least squares methods.
Results: Firstly, this research presented the model which is a strong theoretical model to predict the effect of lifestyle on job burn out between the nurses with emphasis on the intermediate role of psychological capital. Secondly, all of the direct and indirect relationships between the variables in the model was significant.
Conclusion: This research showed the nurses job burn out is influenced by their lifestyle. On the other hand, since the nurses job burn out can affect the quality of service and efficient use of organizational resources, so, it is necessary for hospital managers pay more attention to factors which affect to avoid job burn out.Background and Objectives: Obviously, given that dissatisfaction and turnover, including cases in which the modern world have further enhanced and job burnout is one of the effected factors, so, conducting some studies for determining the relationship between lifestyle and job burnout is important. This study examined the effect of lifestyle on job burn out among the nurses in governmental hospitals in Northern Khorasan with emphasis on intermediate role of psychological capital.
Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional analytical survey. Research community included the nurses in governmental hospitals in Northern Korasan in 2013. 420 nurses were randomly selected as research sample. For collecting data, Maslach job burn out, Luthans psychological capital and the researcher made lifestyle questionnaires which have acceptable reliability and validity were used. The data were analyzed by LISREL and SPSS software, structural equation modeling and two –stage least squares methods.
Results: Firstly, this research presented the model which is a strong theoretical model to predict the effect of lifestyle on job burn out between the nurses with emphasis on the intermediate role of psychological capital. Secondly, all of the direct and indirect relationships between the variables in the model was significant.
Conclusion: This research showed the nurses job burn out is influenced by their lifestyle. On the other hand, since the nurses job burn out can affect the quality of service and efficient use of organizational resources, so, it is necessary for hospital managers pay more attention to factors which affect to avoid job burn out.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1635_2a22855ba64a39e988a9d8bb7dff6160.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823Identification of influencing factors for heart attack in diabetic patients using C & R algorithmIdentification of influencing factors for heart attack in diabetic patients using C & R algorithm71821636FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objective: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in developed countries and in the whole world, and according to the World Health Organization prediction, will be the major cause of morbidity throughout the world in 2020. According to the recent World Health Organization report from each 20 deaths, one is due to diabetes. Heart disease and heart attack are the most important complications of diabetes. In this study, data mining algorithms were used to predict the risk of heart attack in diabetic patients with acceptable accuracy and identify the factors that affect the incidence of heart attack.
Materials and Methods: The study was performed retrospectively on 856 patients in 2009 from Gorgan diabetic center. Clinical data of patients using data mining methods were analyzed in the SPSS software. To identify the influencing factors on incidence heart attack, classification data mining algorithms were used.
Results: A model with 94 percent accuracy is identified using the C&R decision tree algorithm. According to the C&R Tree hypertension, index BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL, daily activity level and age are identified as the most important factors of heart disease in diabetic patients
Conclusion: With the use of Created rules and identifying effective features and controlling effective factors on diabetic patients, the mortality rate of this complication was somewhat reduced.Background and Objective: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in developed countries and in the whole world, and according to the World Health Organization prediction, will be the major cause of morbidity throughout the world in 2020. According to the recent World Health Organization report from each 20 deaths, one is due to diabetes. Heart disease and heart attack are the most important complications of diabetes. In this study, data mining algorithms were used to predict the risk of heart attack in diabetic patients with acceptable accuracy and identify the factors that affect the incidence of heart attack.
Materials and Methods: The study was performed retrospectively on 856 patients in 2009 from Gorgan diabetic center. Clinical data of patients using data mining methods were analyzed in the SPSS software. To identify the influencing factors on incidence heart attack, classification data mining algorithms were used.
Results: A model with 94 percent accuracy is identified using the C&R decision tree algorithm. According to the C&R Tree hypertension, index BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL, daily activity level and age are identified as the most important factors of heart disease in diabetic patients
Conclusion: With the use of Created rules and identifying effective features and controlling effective factors on diabetic patients, the mortality rate of this complication was somewhat reduced.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1636_5ec08b3feb473c868aaa49e84b5f8b8c.pdfShahed UniversityDaneshvar Medicine2716-972322320140823The effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on hopelessness in patients with multiple sclerosisThe effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on hopelessness in patients with multiple sclerosis83921637FAJournal Article20200926Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, and inflammatory nervous system disease. It leads to the loss of myelin in the white matter of brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. As a chronic disease with sudden and unpredictable attack, MS results in varies mood disorders including hopelessness in patients. Therefore, this research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on hopelessness in patients with MS.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed using semi-experimental and the extended pretest-posttest design. The statistical population included all patients with MS supported by the MS society of Mazandaran in 2013. A group of 20 supported females were selected using accessible sampling method, and they were placed randomly in 10-member groups of experiment and control. All participants completed the hopelessness beck (BHS) measurement test in both pre-test and post-test stages. The experiment group received the intervention in 8 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The descriptive statistics and covariance analysis were applied to analyze the data.
Results: The covariance analysis results indicated that the cognitive-existential group therapy causes a significant decrease in poor motivation sub scale of hopelessness in the experiment group.
Conclusion: According to findings of the present research, it can be concluded that the cognitive-existential method is an effective way of solving the emotional problems of patients with MS.Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, and inflammatory nervous system disease. It leads to the loss of myelin in the white matter of brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. As a chronic disease with sudden and unpredictable attack, MS results in varies mood disorders including hopelessness in patients. Therefore, this research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on hopelessness in patients with MS.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed using semi-experimental and the extended pretest-posttest design. The statistical population included all patients with MS supported by the MS society of Mazandaran in 2013. A group of 20 supported females were selected using accessible sampling method, and they were placed randomly in 10-member groups of experiment and control. All participants completed the hopelessness beck (BHS) measurement test in both pre-test and post-test stages. The experiment group received the intervention in 8 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The descriptive statistics and covariance analysis were applied to analyze the data.
Results: The covariance analysis results indicated that the cognitive-existential group therapy causes a significant decrease in poor motivation sub scale of hopelessness in the experiment group.
Conclusion: According to findings of the present research, it can be concluded that the cognitive-existential method is an effective way of solving the emotional problems of patients with MS.https://daneshvarmed.shahed.ac.ir/article_1637_d3255a794f0ae3bf9c7be60c20e4eeec.pdf